Introduction

Nature presents us with magnificent examples of cycles, where abundant nutrients and water are continually reused, with the remnants becoming immediate resources for others. Despite these awe-inspiring examples existing for centuries, humans persist in the linear "make, use, dispose" approach. Fortunately, a shift has begun with the concept of the circular economy, aiming to close loops and transform goods near the end of their service life into resources for others. The correct adoption of the circular economy yields immediate positive effects, ranging from reducing greenhouse emissions to fostering workforce growth.

The notion of the circular economy has evolved beyond the simple idea of reusing and recycling materials. It now encompasses sustainable economic growth and positive impact on our environment through resource optimisation and consumption efficiency. Essentially, the circular economy is a means to achieve sustainable development. This transition has necessitated changes in production chains and consumption models, leading to the redesign of industrial systems. While the circular economy has gained traction in certain industries like clothing, it is now being actively promoted in other sectors, including remanufacturing in the fields of computers, electronics, optics, and electrical equipment.

Extracting, processing, producing, and consuming materials and products are responsible for a significant share of greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for a quarter in Europe and a third globally. The construction sector, in particular, stands to gain immense benefits from embracing circular economy practices. Recognising that construction, renovation, deconstruction, and demolition activities contribute significantly to embodied carbon emissions, which amounted to 3.67 million tonnes of carbon dioxide globally in 2019, addressing this issue becomes paramount